Subspecie: 17 races.
F. p. anatum: North America south of tundra in CANADA and UNITED STATES (except for northwestern Pacific Coast) to northern MEXICO (Baja California, Sinaloa, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi); CUBA (1 record); winters from southern UNITED STATES to ARGENTINA?;
F. p. brookei: Southern FRANCE, SPAIN and coastal North Africa through Mediterranean to Caucasus; largely sedentary;
F. p. calidus: Eurasian tundra from Lapland east to northeastern SIBERIA Yana River and Indigirka River); winters in northeastern and eastern CHINA, south to South Africa and at least BORNEO;
F. p. cassini: Western South America from ECUADOR south through BOLIVIA (Cochabamba), PERU (Cuzco, Junà Lambayeque, Piura), and northern ARGENTINA to southern CHILE, TIERRA DEL FUEGO and FALKLAND ISLANDS; north in non-breeding season to COLOMBIA;
F. p. ernesti: Malay Peninsula, INDONESIA and PHILIPPINES east to NEW GUINEA and BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO;
F. p. furuitii: Formerly VOLCANO Islands (and possibly Bonin Islands), but may now be extinct;
F.p. japonensis: Northeastern SIBERIA south to Kamchatka, JAPAN, and TAIWAN;
F. p. macropus: AUSTRALIA (except for the Southwest) and TASMANIA;
F. p. madens: CAPE VERDE IS.;
F. p. minor: Africa south of Sahara and north into extreme S MOROCCO;
F. p. nesiotes: VANUATU and NEW CALEDONIA east to FIJI;
F. p. pealei: Coastal western North America from western ALASKA through Aleutian and Commander Islands (possibly also coastal Kamchatka and Kuril Islands), and coastal British Columbia to western Washington;
F. p. peregrinator: PAKISTAN, INDIA and SRI LANKA east to southeastern CHINA;
F. p. peregrinus: Eurasia south of tundra and north of the Pyrenees, Balkans and Himalayas from BRITISH ISLES east to Amurland and Ussuriland in Russian Far East;
F. p. radama: MADAGASCAR and COMORO ISLANDS;
F. p. submelanogenys: Southwestern AUSTRALIA;
F. p. tundrius:Arctic tundra of North America from ALASKA to GREENLAND; winters in South America as far south as CHILE and ARGENTINA.